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Aug 28 2014

Hepatitis C: everyone deserves a chance at cure

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New all-oral therapies for hepatitis C can permanently cure over 90 percent of infections in the United States. Health care providers in North Carolina must recognize patients who should be screened for hepatitis C infection, counseled about lifestyle interventions, and then linked to appropriate care for possible treatment with these remarkable new medications.

Many North Carolinians suffer from hepatitis C
It is estimated that nearly 2 percent of the U.S. population, or 3-4 million individuals, have been infected with hepatitis C. In North Carolina, approximately 150,000 people may be living with hepatitis C infection. These figures likely underestimate the actual incidence of hepatitis C infection, since certain at-risk populations were not included in the major national epidemiologic studies. For many years, the impact of hepatitis C on morbidity and mortality has also been underestimated. Complications of hepatitis C include progression to cirrhosis, liver failure, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Chronic hepatitis C infection is driving the increased incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in the U.S. The importance of hepatitis C as a public health concern is highlighted by recent data demonstrating that the annual age-adjusted mortality rate for hepatitis C is higher than for HIV infection.

All Baby Boomers should be tested for HCV
Even more striking is that over half of the patients infected throughout the U.S. are unaware that they have hepatitis C, despite the availability for more than 20 years of sensitive and specific tests for the diagnosis of this chronic viral disease. Until recently, screening strategies for hepatitis C focused on ascertainment of risk factors for infection (prior history of injecting drug use or blood transfusion prior to 1992 as the major risks for infection). However, the CDC and the U.S. Preventative Services Task Force have augmented this risk-based screening strategy with additional recommendations based upon the high prevalence of hepatitis C in the “Baby Boomer” generation: Any person born between 1945 and 1965 should have a one-time anti-HCV screening test for hepatitis C. Patients testing positive should then be tested for HCV RNA to determine if the viral infection is still present. An alcohol assessment and counseling regarding the detrimental effects of alcohol use should be provided concurrent with linkage to HCV care.

Hepatitis C should be cured in order to improve patient outcomes
Sustained virological response (SVR) is defined as the absence of HCV RNA in blood when measured 12 weeks after the end of treatment and is considered as evidence of cure of HCV infection. Long-term follow-up studies have demonstrated that this short-term surrogate endpoint used in clinical trials of antiviral drugs is durable and that the likelihood of HCV relapse beyond this time frame is nil. The benefits of achieving SVR are myriad.

Hepatitis C can be cured with all-oral regimens and minimal side effects
Treatments for hepatitis C have evolved rapidly over the last several years with new drugs developed specifically to inhibit replication of the hepatitis C virus. These direct acting antiviral agents (DAAs) are focused on three specific regions of the hepatitis C virus that are critical to viral functions. Thus, NS3 protease inhibitors, NS5A replication complex inhibitors, and NS5B polymerase inhibitors have been combined with or without ribavirin in order to achieve all oral therapeutic with high rates of sustained virological response. Combining drugs from different classes is very important in order to hit multiple targets to increase the efficacy of these drugs and also to diminish the risk of viral resistance. These drugs should never be used as single agents due to the immediate risk of selecting for resistant virus.

It is anticipated that two all-oral regimens will be approved in the last quarter of 2014. Sofosbuvir is a nucleotide polymerase inhibitor that has been combined with ledipasvir (NS5A inhibitor) to achieve a once-daily single pill regimen for the treatment of hepatitis C. SVR was achieved in 94 to 99 percent of patients who were treated for only 12 weeks in phase III clinical trials of sofosbuvir and ledipasvir,. Another regimen that combined ABT-450 (protease inhibitor, boosted with ritonavir), with ombitasvir (NS5A inhibitor), dasabuvir (non-nucleoside polymerase inhibitor), and ribavirin, yielded SVR rates between 92 and 96 percent. At least two other all-oral regimens are in late stage clinical trials but are not expected for FDA approval until sometime in 2015.

These all-oral therapies are extremely well tolerated with low rates of generally mild adverse events (headache, fatigue, nausea, possibly anemia with ribavirin) or treatment discontinuations and represent major advances in HCV therapeutics. Indeed, few patients will have contraindications to this new generation of antiviral therapy, in glaring contrast to the rigorous interferon-based regimens for which many patients were not suitable candidates or preferred not to experience the harsh adverse effects.

Evidence continues to accrue about the substantial improvements in hepatic and non-hepatic outcomes among patients who are cured from chronic hepatitis C. The availability of simplified all-oral regimens that minimize adverse events and achieve near universal SVR will encourage health care providers to screen appropriate patients for HCV infection and will lead to more patients undergoing successful, and potentially life-saving, antiviral therapy.

Hepatitis C (HCV) screening recommendations
All adults born during 1945 through 1965 should be tested once (without prior ascertainment of HCV risk factors)
HCV-testing is recommended for those who:
    Currently inject drugs

    Ever injected drugs, including those who injected once or a few times many years ago

    Have certain medical conditions, including persons:

    who received clotting factor concentrates produced before 1987

    who were ever on long-term hemodialysis

    with persistently abnormal alanine aminotransferase levels (ALT)

    who have HIV infection

    Were prior recipients of transfusions or organ transplants, including persons who:

    were notified that they received blood from a donor who later tested positive for HCV infection

    received a transfusion of blood, blood components or an organ transplant before July 1992

    HCV-testing based on a recognized exposure is recommended for:

    Healthcare, emergency medical, and public safety workers after needle sticks, sharps, or mucosal exposures to HCV-positive blood

    Children born to HCV-positive women


Note: For persons who might have been exposed to HCV within the past 6 months, testing for HCV RNA or follow-up testing for HCV antibody is recommended.

Persons for Whom Routine HCV Testing is of uncertain need
    Recipients of transplanted tissue (e.g., corneal, musculoskeletal, skin, ova, sperm)

    Intranasal cocaine and other non-injecting illegal drug users

    Persons with a history of tattooing or body piercing

    Persons with a history of multiple sex partners or sexually transmitted diseases

    Long-term steady sex partners of HCV-positive persons


Persons for Whom Routine HCV Testing is Not Recommended (unless other risk factors present)
    Health-care, emergency medical, and public safety workers

    Pregnant women

    Household (nonsexual) contacts of HCV-positive persons

    General population


Source: U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

Disclosures: Dr. Fried receives research grants and serves as ad hoc consultant to AbbVie, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Genentech, Gilead, Janssen, Merck, and Vertex

Footnotes:
1. Thomas DL. Global control of hepatitis C: where challenge meets opportunity. Nature medicine 2013;19:850-8.
2. Denniston MM, Jiles RB, Drobeniuc J, et al. Chronic hepatitis C virus infection in the United States, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003 to 2010. Ann Intern Med 2014;160:293-300.
3. Ly KN, Xing J, Klevens RM, Jiles RB, Ward JW, Holmberg SD. The increasing burden of mortality from viral hepatitis in the United States between 1999 and 2007. Ann Intern Med 2012;156:271-8.
4. Rein DB, Smith BD, Wittenborn JS, et al. The cost-effectiveness of birth-cohort screening for hepatitis C antibody in U.S. primary care settings. Ann Intern Med 2012;156:263-70.
5. Van der Meer AJ, Veldt BJ, Feld JJ, et al. Association between sustained virological response and all-cause mortality among patients with chronic hepatitis C and advanced hepatic fibrosis. JAMA 2012;308:2584-93.
6. Backus LI, Boothroyd DB, Phillips BR, Belperio P, Halloran J, Mole LA. A sustained virologic response reduces risk of all-cause mortality in patients with hepatitis C. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2011;9:509-16 e1.
7. Afdhal N, Reddy KR, Nelson DR, et al. Ledipasvir and sofosbuvir for previously treated HCV genotype 1 infection. N Engl J Med 2014;370:1483-93.
8. Afdhal N, Zeuzem S, Kwo P, et al. Ledipasvir and sofosbuvir for untreated HCV genotype 1 infection. N Engl J Med 2014;370:1889-98.
9. Feld JJ, Kowdley KV, Coakley E, et al. Treatment of HCV with ABT-450/r-ombitasvir and dasabuvir with ribavirin. N Engl J Med 2014;370:1594-603.
10. Zeuzem S, Jacobson IM, Baykal T, et al. Retreatment of HCV with ABT-450/r-ombitasvir and dasabuvir with ribavirin. N Engl J Med 2014;370:1604-14.

 Comments on this article:

This article by Dr.Fried is an excellent review of the current status of hepatitis C and its treatment. It is extremely important and too easily overlooked. I hope that all have taken the opportunity to review this article. It is an excellent brief summary and should be read by all of us.

By Eugene M.Bozymski M.D. on Aug 29, 2014 at 2:56pm

An article titled “Everyone deserves a chance at cure” authored by an author with ties to the pharmaceutical industry, which includes no discussion of the cost of treatment, does not belong on a medical board website or publication.

By Steven St Clair on Aug 29, 2014 at 9:41pm

In response to Dr. St. Clair’s comment, the editor asked the author to comment on the cost of the HCV therapy discussed. Here is Dr. Fried’s response:

“The true costs of treatment are difficult to characterize since many factors affect final drug pricing for the payers and patients.  Sofosbuvir for 12 weeks costs approximately $84,000.  The cost for the newest all oral medication has not been released (These drugs won’t be approved for another few weeks). With such high rates of cure, the costs of these medications must be weighed against the myriad benefits of cure for those patients living with HCV infection.”

By Jean Fisher Brinkley on Sep 02, 2014 at 3:05pm
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